The development of the central nervous system is complex and includes dorsal and ventral induction, neuronal proliferation, and neuronal migration, organization, and myelination. The 3 primary stages of prenatal development are the germinal period, the embryonic period, and the fetal period. What are the characteristics of the prenatal stage answers. Some of these dangers, such as environmental risks from teratogens and drug use, can be prevented or minimized. Methods we use the cdcs 2012 pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system, representative of births in 24 states and new york city n 28,581.
Birthinfant death data set1995 period data by marian f. The study consisted of 83 mothers and their children. These studies highlight pre and postnatal factors, suc h as maternal stress, fetal hear t ra te and movement, and parent. Pdf for decades, researchers have investigated how events in the prenatal. The first two weeks of development are concerned with simple cell multiplication. The characteristics of the mothers voice are also learned during the prenatal. Intimate partner violence screening in the prenatal period. The prenatal period of development is a time of physical growth, but whats going on inside the brain is critical for future psychological development. Prenatal development is the process that occurs during the 40 weeks prior to the birth of a child.
Prenatal development is the period in development from conception to the onset of labor. Vladimir antic 1, natalija stefanovic, milorad antic2, momcilo velickovic2, dragan virijevic2, miljana pavlovic 2, braca kundalic2, vladimir zivkovic2 and nikola gligorijevic. We calculated descriptive and logistic regressions, weighted to deal with stateclustered observations. The brain development that takes place during the prenatal period helps set the course for what will take place outside the womb. The study of human development would also help you to deal with others better. The defining characteristic of the fetal stage is growth. First, maternal and fetal risk conditions arising in the prenatal period do not do so. Environmental influences cont maternal factors nutrition and maternal weight need 300 500 more calories a day need extra protein weight gain of 25 35 pounds less likely to have birth complications overweight before pregnancy highest risk of. The last stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage, which lasts from two months after conception until birth. The effect of a teratogen is very personal because the impact depends on the. Characteristics of pregnant illicit drug users and. We examined the prevalence and characteristics of these conditions using 19942003 data from a population. Factors affecting prenatal development the elaborate details of life begin with a single cell that develops into a full term fetus within approximately 40 weeks, 280 days or 10 lunar months.
Using the newly developed plab instrument to measure prenatal confidence in the third trimester, relationships between confidence and specific variables were examined. The purpose of this study was to examine prenatal maternal confidence for physiologic birth and its associated prenatal characteristics and labor and birth outcomes. Our aim was to present a fetus with a prenatal ultrasonog. Prenatal development boundless psychology lumen learning. The prenatal period is a time of tremendous growth and also great vulnerability. Proven very effective in improving the health of both mother and baby, prenatal care has emerged as the major factor in the prevention of infant death and disease. Harmful substances that the mother ingests may harm the child. Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy, called the critical or sensitive period. The characteristics of the mothers voice are also learned during the prenatal period. Prenatal determinants of early behavioral and cognitive.
None of them was concerned with the development went on before birth. During each prenatal stage, environmental factors affect the development of the fetus. As you have seen, there are a number of dangers that can pose a potential risk to the growing fetus. Each one of us starts out as a zygote, which is an egg cell that has been fertilized by sperm. Association of prenatal attachment and early childhood. Factors affecting prenatal development essay 1145 words.
The developing fetus is completely dependent on the mother for life, and it is important that the mother receives prenatal care, which is medical care during. Maternal malnutrition may affect not only the size of the infant but also the development of systems such as the immune system or the brain. In recent years, prenatal diagnosis and elective pregnancy termination have affected the reported birth prevalence of trisomies and 18. Introduction all the developmental theories which we lengthily discussed dwelt on the developmental process after birth. Perinatal period is the period beginning about the seventh month of pregnancy and continuing until about four weeks after birth. Ovulation occurs about halfway through the womans menstrual cycle and is aided by the release of a complex combination of. Perinatal characteristics serve as markers for factors that affect initial exposure to antigens, including bacterial antigens that can populate the intestinal microbiome and viruses that may affect the composition of the microbiome.
In order to have a healthy baby at the end of the term, there are a few factors which have to be. In general, prenatal cannabis use did not seem to be associated with infant birth weight or. Pathogenesis of malformations of the central nervous system includes both genetic and environmental factors. Each stage is characterized by defined external and internal features.
This would be a journey of personal understanding and selfdiscovery which should help in your future development. As you explore this chapter, you will become acquainted with some of these insights and, we hope, gain a greater appreciation for the amazing process of prenatal development. Each period in the life span is characterized by certain developmental phenomena that distinguish it from the periods that precede and follow it. In other instances, genetic problems may simply be. The course of this prenatal development is divided into three main periods. Prenatal development, the process encompassing the period from the formation of an embryo, through the development of a fetus, to birth. Postnatal development is the period in development the follows directly after birth. During this period, the newborns complete helplessness gradually gives way to increasing independence. Child growth and development pregnancy and prenatal. Characteristics and prenatal care utilisation of romanian pregnant women june 2014 the european journal of contraception and reproductive health care 193. The most vulnerable period for many of the fetal organs is very early in the pregnancy before the mother even knows she is pregnant. Streeter 3 divided the human embryonal period into 23 developmental horizons, and his classification is the basis of the carnegie staging system of human prenatal development.
This tiny mass of cells then adheres to the inside wall of the uterus. Characteristics of pregnant illicit drug users and associations between cannabis. After birth, hungry infants orient and root in the direction of their mothers voice, thereby increasing their efficiency of breastfeeding irrespective of whether the mother is holding them on the left or right. Risks during the prenatal period include the following. The timing of prenatal leave varied by occupational characteristics. Few epidemiological studies have addressed the impact of. There are many factors that can negatively impact the developing person. Exposures during the prenatal period coincide with the initial development of the immune system. Pdf characteristics and prenatal care utilisation of. Women with fixed or variableterm contracts left their jobs early before 24 wg for. This process can be divided into three distinct stages. Teratogens are agents or substances that can produce developmental malformations. Infant mortality statistics from the linked birthinfant.
The streeter term horizon was replaced in the newer classifications by the old term stage used first by mall 5 in 1914. There are three stages of prenatal developmentgerminal, embryonic, and fetal. Prenatal and perinatal characteristics associated with. In addition, cannabis users were less likely to have had children. For example, research with primate models of fasd has demonstrated that the time during which a developing fetus is exposed to alcohol can dramatically affect the appearance of facial characteristics associated with fetal alcohol. Objective to measure the proportion of women screened for ipv during prenatal care. Occupational, social and medical characteristics of early. Prenatal development introduction to psychology lumen learning. Cigarette smoking, for example, reduces the blood oxygen for both the mother and child and can cause a fetus to be born severely underweight. The prenatal period remains an especially highrisk time for many women, and in some cases, appears to trigger the onset or escalation of violence. It also inquires whether maternal depression and anxiety at the prenatal period and at early childhood are associated with child outcomes.
Teratogens are substances that can lead to birth defects or even death during the prenatal period. The process of growth and development within the womb, in which a singlecell zygote the cell formed by the combination of a sperm and an egg becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby. The goals of this module are to provide a detailed overview of the. They are many characteristics associated with prenatal stage in pregnancy. At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo is only about an inch long. Once the eightcell point has been reached, the cells begin to differentiate and take on certain characteristics that will determine the type of cells. Prenatal period if preconceptional guidance is the foundation of a healthy pregnancy, prenatal care is the cornerstone. Prenatal characteristics of infants with a neuronal. Infancy, among humans, the period of life between birth and the acquisition of language approximately one to two years later.
65 170 1382 95 1252 1541 1390 994 664 776 1362 1031 1316 622 101 173 36 291 1367 56 571 1361 240 1466 990 1366 840 162 108 1237 737 225 267 765 654 479 25